This was the period of great intellectual awakening when scientific and technological discoveries of Galileo, Harvey etc. gave rise to industrial revolution. Accelerated development were witnessed thus creating other management problems such as division of labour, specialization of skills, owner could no longer cope. Employees resented the factory condition and low wages being paid, employers fought back with dismissal and threats. With this, emerge different concepts and principles on how
to manage a business effectively.
This concepts and principles were conveniently divided into four(4).
(1) Scientific management movement
(2) Human relations school
(3) Administrative school
(4) Modern approaches to management
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT MOVEMENT
This school of thought place more enphases on production in terms of productivity and mental revolution in people's mind. According to Taylor, the essence was to:
i. Increase the output of the average employee
ii. Improve the efficiency of management
This school insisted that management should not rely on intuitions but subject every job to a critical analysis and evaluation to attain the best.
HUMAN RELATION SCHOOL
This school of thought shows that illumination on employee have no effect on their productivity.
The following experiment was conducted in order to determine the effect of illumination on employees productivity. The intensity of lighting was varied from fairly dark to bright to very bright.
The lighting. In the control group remain in each instance, the productivity of the works increase showing no relationship between the lighting and output. Instead of productivity going down when the intensity of the lighting was reduced, it went up.
The researchers was surprised when similar experiment was tested during period of rest there was no decline in productivity. It was therefore concluded that social and physiological factors were resposible for the behaviour of employees.
ADMINISTRATIVE SCHOOL/HENRI FAYOL SCHOOL
The first principles of management were advocated by a French engineer and geologists Henri Fayol. He identified the following 14 principles
1. Division of work: specialization allow individuals to build experience, and continuously improve his skills thereby being more .
2. Authority: The right to issue commands, along which must go with the balanced responsibility for it's functions.
3. Discipline: Employees must obey, employees can only obey if employers play their role.
4. Unity of Command: Each workers must report to a superior officer.
5. Unity of Direction: There must be a unity of purpose without which objective could not be achieved.
6. Subordinating individual
7. Remuneration: Equitable remuneration of employees.
8. Centralization: All activities must be coordinated at the centre.
9. Scalar Chain: There must be a defined line of authority in an organization.
10. Order: Order must be maintained to achieve proper coordination resources.
11. Equity: In running a business there must be kindness, fairness and justice to all.
12. Stability of Tenure: There must be a fixed tenure to prevent high labour turnover.
13. Initiative: The Human angle must be respected.
14. Esprit de corps: Team building and working as a group to achieve common goal should be emphasized.
In addition to the above fourteen (14) principles the administrative theorists adopted the following structure of management:
(a) Line and Staff: The line of an organization relate to its structure that deals with the organization objective.
(b) Committees: Represent a cross-section of people brainstorming and adding to creativity.
MODERN THE THEORY OF MANAGEMENT
The modern theory is of the view that all theories of organization are catalyst of knowledge and serve as a means of improving organization and managemet.
The various strata of management theory present a clear perception on ideals of management. This strata are classical, neo-classical and modern theory.
Classical theory views organization as a machine model due to it's instrumental nature.
The neo-classical describe it as a social entitled placing emphasis on grouping rather than individual.
Modern theory examines in details the relationship between organization and it's environment, it view organization as a system
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Coordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
Controlling
Readers also read
QUALITIES OF A GOOD OFFICE WORKERS
TELEPHONE ETIQUETTE/RULES
Suggested Topic
DEFINITION OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND TYPES
to manage a business effectively.
This concepts and principles were conveniently divided into four(4).
(1) Scientific management movement
(2) Human relations school
(3) Administrative school
(4) Modern approaches to management
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT MOVEMENT
This school of thought place more enphases on production in terms of productivity and mental revolution in people's mind. According to Taylor, the essence was to:
i. Increase the output of the average employee
ii. Improve the efficiency of management
This school insisted that management should not rely on intuitions but subject every job to a critical analysis and evaluation to attain the best.
HUMAN RELATION SCHOOL
This school of thought shows that illumination on employee have no effect on their productivity.
The following experiment was conducted in order to determine the effect of illumination on employees productivity. The intensity of lighting was varied from fairly dark to bright to very bright.
The lighting. In the control group remain in each instance, the productivity of the works increase showing no relationship between the lighting and output. Instead of productivity going down when the intensity of the lighting was reduced, it went up.
The researchers was surprised when similar experiment was tested during period of rest there was no decline in productivity. It was therefore concluded that social and physiological factors were resposible for the behaviour of employees.
ADMINISTRATIVE SCHOOL/HENRI FAYOL SCHOOL
The first principles of management were advocated by a French engineer and geologists Henri Fayol. He identified the following 14 principles
1. Division of work: specialization allow individuals to build experience, and continuously improve his skills thereby being more .
2. Authority: The right to issue commands, along which must go with the balanced responsibility for it's functions.
3. Discipline: Employees must obey, employees can only obey if employers play their role.
4. Unity of Command: Each workers must report to a superior officer.
5. Unity of Direction: There must be a unity of purpose without which objective could not be achieved.
6. Subordinating individual
7. Remuneration: Equitable remuneration of employees.
8. Centralization: All activities must be coordinated at the centre.
9. Scalar Chain: There must be a defined line of authority in an organization.
10. Order: Order must be maintained to achieve proper coordination resources.
11. Equity: In running a business there must be kindness, fairness and justice to all.
12. Stability of Tenure: There must be a fixed tenure to prevent high labour turnover.
13. Initiative: The Human angle must be respected.
14. Esprit de corps: Team building and working as a group to achieve common goal should be emphasized.
In addition to the above fourteen (14) principles the administrative theorists adopted the following structure of management:
(a) Line and Staff: The line of an organization relate to its structure that deals with the organization objective.
(b) Committees: Represent a cross-section of people brainstorming and adding to creativity.
MODERN THE THEORY OF MANAGEMENT
The modern theory is of the view that all theories of organization are catalyst of knowledge and serve as a means of improving organization and managemet.
The various strata of management theory present a clear perception on ideals of management. This strata are classical, neo-classical and modern theory.
Classical theory views organization as a machine model due to it's instrumental nature.
The neo-classical describe it as a social entitled placing emphasis on grouping rather than individual.
Modern theory examines in details the relationship between organization and it's environment, it view organization as a system
Function of management: Luther cullick come out with the following functions of management.
POSDCORB Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Coordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
Controlling
Readers also read
QUALITIES OF A GOOD OFFICE WORKERS
TELEPHONE ETIQUETTE/RULES
Suggested Topic
DEFINITION OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND TYPES